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REPORT OF 



J 

New York State Survey, 



IFOI^ THIE "Y"E^I^ 



1884. 



J^lVIES T. Gi!LRDIISrER, 



DIRECTOR. 




ALBANY : 

Weed, Parsons & Co., 

PRINTERS, BINDERS, ELECTROTYPERS, ETC. 

1885. 



T 



REPORT 



OF THE 



NEW YORK STATE SURVEY, 



For the Year 1884:. 



TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 14, 1885. 




ALBANY, N. Y.: 

WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, PRINTERS. 
1885. 



T 



.inIs^^ 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



No. 30. 



IN ASSEMBLY, 

January 14, 1885. 



NINTH ANNUAL REPORT 

OF THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF THE STATE SUR- 
VEY, AND REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, FOR THE YEAR 

1884. 

Office of the State Survey, 
Albany, January 14, 1885. 

To the Honorable the Legislature of the State of New York : 

I have the honor to transmit the Ninth Annual Report of the Board 
of Commissioners of the State Survey, showing the progress of the 
vi^ork during the year 1884, as required by the statutes organizing 
the Board. 

I remain, very respectfully. 
Your obedient servant, 

WM. DORSHEIMER, 

President of the Board. 



TABLE OF COJNTEJSTTS. 



PAGK. 

Letter of Transmission 3 

Report of the Commissioners on the progress of the work in 1884 7 

Appendix A., detailed statement of expenditures 15 

Appendix B., report of U. S. Coast and G-eodetic Survey IG 

Report of the Director 21 

Tables. 

Explanation of the Tables 81 

Table for converting meters into feet 33 

Table of preliminary geographical positions determined in 1883 36 

Table of elevations of points determined inl883 46 

Table of rectangular co-ordmates and heights of points located in 1883 in 

Genesee and Orleans counties 51 



I 



REPORT 



OF THE 



COMMISSIONERS OF THE STATE SURYEY. 



To the Honorable the Legislature of the State of New TorJc : 

The operations of tlie State Survey during the past year have 
been confined to the mathematical computations necessary to deduce 
results from observations previously taken in the field, and to work 
done for the State Board of Health, the funds at the disposal of this 
Board not being suflScient to continue the field-work of the survey; 
$13,431.15 were expended from October 1, 1S83, to October 1, 
1884, a detailed statement of which is appended, together with the 
report of the Director and tables of geographical positions and ele- 
vations computed since the publication of the last report. The 
positions of one hundred and thirty-nine points are here given for 
the first time. 

The three regular assistants were employed on computation with 
tlie Director until July 1st, and were then given indefinite leave of 
absence without pay. The Director also received no pay in July 
and August ; since September 1 he has been obliged to be constantly 
on duty on account of the large amount of work required of him to 
meet the demands of the State Board of Health. 

Assistance to State Board of Health. 
The Director of the State Survey is by law a member of the 
State Board of Health ; the fulfillment of the duty thus placed upon 
him calls for constant professional services requiring the exercise of 
special knowledge and experience. All matters requiring action of 
the State Board of- Health and involving questions connected with 
topography, drainage and sewerage are referred to Director Gardi- 
ner for investigation ; the inspections and examinations are made 
by him or under his supervision, and the reports of the Board on 
these matters are prepared by him. , 



8 ■ [Assembly 

The importance of the aid thus rendered by the State Survey to 
the State Board of Health in practical sanitary work can be best 
understood by reference to the reports of that Board on Peekskill, 
Kingston, Rhinebeck, Saratoga, Malone, Ogdensburg, Syracuse, 
Schenectady, Rochester, Batli, Horseheads, Canandaigua, Elmira 
and Albany. 

We regret that the lack of funds made it irajDossible to accede to 
the request of the State Board of Health to carry the measurements 
of the State Survey over certain tracts in Western and Central New- 
York where accurate maps are essential to the making of important 
sanitary investigations applied for by the Senators and Members of 
Assembly from these districts. 

Necessity for Topogeaphical Maps. 

The experience of the State Survey in its connection with the 
work of the State Board of Health for the past two years has demon- 
strated that topographical and liydrographical maps of the counties 
of the State are very much needed in investigating and discussing 
many important sanitary questions concerning water supplies, drain- 
age and the distribution of diseases. 

When the State Survey was begun, the necessity for a rapid prose- 
cution of the work to the point where complete maps could be 
furnished was so little understood that this Board was convinced that 
only very small appropriations were to be expected until the public 
was more fully informed on the question, and until this educated senti- 
ment should be recognized by the representatives of the people. An 
extensive topographical survey involves two distinct processes, the 
making of a triangulation, which furnishes the basis or frame-work 
of the map; and the filling in of this skeleton work with surveys of 
the roads, streams, hills and other features of the country to be 
represented. 

Use of the Triangulation. 

What the skeleton is to the human body, and the uncovered frame- 
work to the completed building, such is the relation that the trian- 
gulation bears to the finished map of a county or State. The trian- 
gulation must, therefore, precede the topographical work proper. 
For this reason, and because the appropriations were too small to 
carry on both branches of the work contemplated in the original act, 
the Commissioners recommended, in their report of 1877, that their 
duties be limited to making a triangulation of the State, and they 
were so limited in an act passed May 6, 1878, by which the 



No. 30.] 9 

commissioners are directed to locate points and lines as a basis for 
local surveys, in accordance with their report. 

In obedience to this law the triangulation has been extended, as 
rapidly as means would permit, into half the counties of the State, 
at a cost of about $108,000. 

One hundred and fifteen thousand four hundred and twenty-two 
dollars and thirty-seven cents have been spent by tlie Survey up to 
October 1, 1884, but the balance, $7,422.37, is properly chargeable 
to expenses incurred in connection with the State Board of Health, 
and the special Niagara Survey. 

Decision of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survev on 
THE State Survey Work already done. 
The question having been raised whether the triangulation already 
executed was not unnecessarily accurate and costly, the President of 
this Board referred the matter to the United States Coast and Geo- 
detic Survey, which is recognized throughout the world as the great 
authority in such matters in this country. The records of the survey 
were forwarded to Washington and examined, under the direction of 
Superintendent Hilgard, by Captain Boutelle, one of the most expe- 
rienced geodesists in the corps. The correspondence and his report 
are given in an appendix. The report shows that the mean error of 
closure in two hundred triangles is 2.02", and : " The probable error 
of any observed angle has been ± 0.786", which is quite up to the 
usual average of our own similar work, and that now going on under 
MM. Perrier and Bassot in Algeria." The report further says that 
a poorer grade of work would not be permanent, but would have to 
be done over again ; that the quality of the work is that which the ex- 
perience of all countries has demonstrated to be proper for surveys 
of States ; and that the work has cost less per square mile than the 
usual expense of similar triangulations. 

Economical Execution of the Triangulation. 

It, therefore, appears on the judgment of the highest authority that 
the work of the State Survey has been properly executed, and with 
unusual economy. A cheaper kind of work would have been tem- 
porary and wasteful. 

The Legislature may, therefore, feel assured that the State has re- 
ceived a full equivalent for the money heretofore expended in the 
State Survey. The testimony of the United States Coast and Geodetic 
Survey on this point must be considered as conclusive. While it is 
[Assem. Doc. No. 30.] 2 



10 [Assembly 

true that the work has been done for less than the usual cost, the 
triaiigulation could now be finished more economically wdtli larger 
annual appropriations. A regular expenditure of $22,000 annually 
for five years would complete the triangulation of the State in a 
creditable manner. This would make a total expenditure of 
$218,000 for triangulation. That the work would be cheaply done 
at the price may be judged by comparison with the triangulation of 
Massachusetts fifty years ago. That State has an area of only 8,315 
square miles, but the triangulation cost about $70,000. New York 
should, however, be warned by the experience of Massachusetts, that 
a triangulation not immediately followed by a detailed topographical 
survey gives but little satisfaction to the people. 

Future Policy of the State Survey. 

The citizens of a State want reliable maps that they can use, not 
mere skeleton maps which are only available for surveyors. A tri- 
angulation only produces a frame-work of a map which is neither 
understood nor valued, except by surveyors. If dissatisfaction with 
the State Survey exists, the real cause is undoubtedly that the work 
has not been carried into sufiicient detail to give the people at large 
reliable topographical maps of the counties, and the State such as 
are required for constant rise. This is a perfectly legitimate demand. 

The existing maps have been proved hopelessly bad, and the peo- 
ple know that good ones can only be expected from a survey under 
State authority. They may be justly impatient at the postponement 
of the most valuable result of a survey, namely a completed map. 
The triangulation has now been extended so far that topographical 
surveys could, if necessary, be begun in half the counties of the 
State. These surveys can be more cheaply made if they follow 
closely after the triangulation. 

liecommendations to the Legislature. 

This Board, therefore, recommends that the Legislature enlarge 
its powers, and increase the appropriations for the State Survey so 
that topographical surveys may be at once begun in at least three 
counties, and be carried forward on such a scale as to permit of the 
economical performance of the work. 

Estimated Cost of Topographical Work. 
After carefully considering the quality and the cost of the surveys 
now in progress in the States of Massachusetts and New Jersey, and 



No. 30.] 11 

of those under the Federal Government, it appears that a topograph- 
ical survey of the State of New York can be made at a cost of from 
$10 to $20 per square mile, depending on the character of the coun- 
try. Fifteen dollars j)er square mile would be the probable average 
cost of the work. The United States Coast and Lake Surveys liave 
mapped about 985 square miles of the State. The Adirondack 
Survey is expected to cover some 12,955 square miles. About 33,680 
square miles are, therefore, left to be surveyed by the State Survey. 
The total estimated cost of the work is, therefore, $505,200. Tlie 
proper scale of expenditure would be about $40,000 per annum. 

Rate of Progress. 

For this sum complete surveys of from three to five counties 
could be made each year, and the maps by counties issued within a 
year aftei- the field-work was done. Two years from now, if the nec- 
essary appropriatiou is made, the people of the State will receive in 
the form of reliable topographical maps, which they will thoroughly 
appreciate, the full and valuable equivalent for the money expended 
by the State. 

The Governor'' s Objection to the GontinuanGe of the Worh on the 

Old Plan. 

It is believed that the plan here proposed for the future opera- 
tions of the State Survey is not open to the objections made by the 
Governor in the statement of his reasons for not approving the last 
appropriation. He objected to the mode of conducting the survey on 
the ground that with small appropriations it would take many years 
to complete the work in such a way that the people would fully 
realize its benefits. 

The AGGom/plishment of the Purpose of the Governor. 
After careful consideration df the views of ex-Governor Cleveland 
the Commissioners are confident that his purpose of securing to the 
people, within a short time, the full benefits of the State Survey can 
only be accomplished by proceeding at once to complete the survey, 
by filling in the frame-work of the triangulation with topographical 
surveys of each county, in sufficient detail to furnish useful and reli- 
able maps at an early date. 

Assistance of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 
The Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic 
Survey has agreed that if the State undertakes a topographical survey 



12 [Assembly 

of its territory, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 
will complete the primary and secondary triangnlation, under the 
law of Congress, wliieh enables it to render such assistance to the 
States. A large saving can thus be made, work of the highest order 
secured, and triangnlation kept in advance of the topographical 
surveys. 

Proposed Amendments to the Organic Law of the Survey. 

Several amendments to chapter 210 of the Laws of 1878 would 
be necessary and desirable to enable the Commissioners of the State 
Survey to carry out the plan here proposed for making the results 
of the survey of immediate practical utility to the people, by pro- 
ducing topographical and hydrographical maps of each county as 
soon as surveyed. 

First. The Commissioners should be directed to make topo- 
graphical and hydrographical surveys and maps of such counties 
and districts of the State as are not otherwise similarly provided 
for by Federal surveys, or by surveys made under the authority of 
the State ; the surveys to be sufficiently in detail to furnish maps 
that shall meet the practical and scientific wants of the people ; and 
all of the surveys to be on an accurate and connected basis, so that the 
various parts when joined shall form a reliable topographical map 
of the State. Surveys should be conducted in at least three differ- 
ent parts of the State when practicable, those counties being first 
selected where the maps are most immediately required in matters 
of water supply, drainage, or other questions relating to the public 
health. 

Second. The Directoj of the State Survey appointed by the Com- 
missioners should act as the executive officer of the survey, making 
the necessary plans and estimates for carrying on the work, and 
should direct the execution of such plans as. meet the approval of 
the Board ; he should receiv^e a salary of $5,000 per annum and 
actual and necessary expenses incurred in discharge of his duty. 
The salary should be in compensation for his services as Director of 
the State Survey and as engineer of the State Board of Health, 

Third. The sum of $40,000 a year for five years should be ap- 
propriated, payable to the Commissioners of the State Survey, to 
carry on the State Survey in accordance with this act. 



No. 30.] 13 

Reasons for Making Apj^ropriation for a Term of Years. 

Tlie sum thus provided would enable the Coinmissioners to com- 
plete the survey of those parts of the State where topographical 
maps are most immediately needed. The Legislature can then de- 
cide whether a continuation of the work on that scale of expendi- 
ture is desirable. 

An appropriation of a definite sum for a term of years is essen- 
tial to the proper economical and scientific working of the survey. 
The few persons who are skilled in topographical work are mostly 
in the employ of the General Government. A trained corps of 
assistants must be organized on a scale proportioned to the sum 
which is to be expended annually. The best men cannot be had 
for this service unless there is fair prospect of permanent employ- 
ment. These conditions of proper management of the survey can- 
not be realized unless provision is made for a term of years. 

Recapitulation. 

This report may be briefly summed up as follows : 

First. The operations of the year were confined to computation 
and to rendering assistance to the State Board of Health as re- 
quired by law. 

Second. There is pressing necessity for topographical maps for 
sanitary works on water supplies and drainage. 

Third. No survey can meet the wants of the people that does 
not result in a reliable map sufficiently detailed for ordinaiy practi- 
cal and scientific uses. 

Fourth. The triangulation must somewhat precede the map- 
making of which it is the necessary frame-work. 

Fifth. The frame-work for the map has now been constructed in 
half the counties of the State. 

Sixth. The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, the high- 
est authority, after careful examination decide that the New York 
State Survey triangulation has been done so as to rank with the 
best of similar works in the world, and that the cost has been un- 
usually small. 

Seventh. The time has now come when the people have a right 
to expect that the benefits of the survey will be made immediately 
available to them in the form of useful maps. 

Eighth. The experience of other States executing similar works 
shows that for an expenditure of $40,000 per annum topographical 
maps and surveys can be made of from three to five counties a year 



14 [Assembly, No. 30.] 

and the maps issued shortly after the completion of the field-work 
m each county. 

Ninth. The plan proposed meets the desire of the Governor that 
the people should reap in a short time the practical benefits of the 
survey, and obviates his objections to carrying the survey further 
on the old plan. 

Tenth. The necessary legislation to carry the plan into effect is 
recommended. 

Conclusion. 
The Commissioners, for the sake of advancing geographical knowl- 
edge of this State to meet both intellectual and material wants of 
their fellow citizens, have willingly and gratuitously devoted the 
necessary time and attention, for the past nine years, to carrying on 
the triangulation of the State in the manner approved by the experi- 
ence of other States and countries to furnish the only reliable basis 
for good maps. 

The law has not allowed them to complete topographical maps, 
but confined their operations to the laying of foundations, necessary 
to be sure, but comparatively useless unless followed by appropriate 
superstructures. 

The survey is a scientific work. Its purpose is to supply to the 
people hnowledge — necessary geographical knowledge — which ex- 
perience has shown can be had only through maps furnished by 
State surveys. 

The Commissioners, therefore, respectfully urge upon the Legis- 
lature the importance of providing proper topographical and hydro- 
graphical maps for tlie advancement of science, for the education of 
the people, and for the distribution of knowledge of the surface and 
resources of the State, which in its countless practical uses Avill return 
many fold the sum expended. 

The work already in progress has received the indorsement of the 
highest scientific authorities in the land, of every college in the 
State, of the leading citizens, and of eight successive Legislatures. 
It is earnestly to be hoped that it will be completed. 
(Signed) 

WILLIAM DOESHEIMER, 

President of the Board. 
W. A. WHEELER, 
FRANCIS A. STOUT, 
F. A. P. BARNARD, 

Commission ers. 



APPENDIX A. 



Financial Statement for the Year ending September 30, 1884. 

October 1, 1883. Unexpended balance from appro- 
priation of 1882 $509 28 

October 1, 1883. Appropriated by chapter 243, Laws 

of 1883 15, 800 00 

Total $16, 309 28 

Expenditures as per detailed statement 13, 431 15 

October 1, 1884. Balance unexpended '. . . $2, 878 13 



Detailed Statement of Expenditures from October 1, 1883, 
TO October 1, 1884. 

Binding ... $76 00 

Books 10 19 

Commissioners' expenses 18 50 

Damages and rent of land 50 00 

Expressage 69 13 

Freight 8 60 

Hardware 10 62 

Horse keeping 84 59 

Horse hire and livery 272 15 

Maps 57 50 

Messengers 4 60 

Miscellaneous 16 40 

Monuments 3 18 

Muslin, etc 13 92 

Office of Director 7 85 

Postage 123 03 

Printmg 3, 082 31 

Repairs 11 30 

Salaries, regular 8, 092 98 

Salaries, special 774 IS 

Stationery 107 11 

Storage 25 00 

Telegrams 13 51 

Timber 1 00 

Transportation, public 300 82 

Yeterinary surgeon and horse medicine 5 35 

Wages of'laborers 189 06 

Wagons and equipments 2 37 

Total .- $13, 431 15 



APPENDIX B. 



House of Representatives, \ 

Washington, D. C, April 10, 1884. j 

Hon. Grover Cleveland, Governor of New York, Albany, iV. Y. : 
Dear Sir — The Commissioners of the State Survey have thought 
it desirable to submit to the best expert authorities the question as 
to 'whether the work done under their direction has been econom- 
ically performed, and also as to its scientific character and value. 
They have accordingly asked an opinion upon this subject from the 
professors of geodesy and engineering at Cornell and Union Uni- 
versities, and Columbia College. The favorable answers to these 
inquiries which have been received will be communicated to you by 
the Director of the Survey, if you shall so desire. 

"We have also thought proper to obtain an opinion upon the 
character, economy and result of the operations of the Commission 
from the highest authorities in the country ; and, accordingly, a 
synopsis of all the operations and expenditures of the State Survey 
has been laid before the Superintendent of the United States Coast 
and Geodetic Survey, with the request that he should examine them 
and communicate to us his judgment thereon, in writing. 

His reply is herewith submitted, and I venture to commend it to 
your careful consideration. 
Believe me. 

Very truly your servant, 
(Signed) WM. DOKSHEIMER, 

President, etc, etc. 

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Office, ) 
Washington, D. C, April 11, 1884. \ 

Hon. Wm. Dorsheimer, President of Board of Commissioners, 
N. Y. State Survey : 

Dear Sir — In accordance with your request and that of Prof. J. 
T. Gardiner, Director of the New York State Survey, I have caused 
an examination to be made into the operations of that survey, as shown 
in records and documents submitted to me by Prof. Gardiner. 

The matter has been referred by me to Assistant C. O. Boutelle, 
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, who has had long ex- 



[Assembly, No. 30.] 17 

perience in similar operations, and also special experience in Central 
New York during the past four years. 

I inclose herewith a co^jy of his report, and have pleasure in add- 
ing that I concur cordially in the conclusions reached by him as to 
the quality, quantity and cost of the work executed under Prof. 
Gardiner's direction, and in the hope expressed by him that nothing 
will prevent the steady progress of this great work in one of the 
most populous and wealthy States of the Union. 

Yours respectfully, 
(Signed) J. E. HILGARD, 

Supei'intendent. 

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Office, ) 
Washington, April 9, 1884. j 

Prof. J. E. HiLGAKD, Supt. TJ. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey : 

Deak Sir — As desired by you, I have made a careful examina- 
tion of the character of the New York State Survey as conducted 
by the Director, Pi-of. James T. Gardiner. 

Prof. Gardiner has placed before me the results of his work, both 
in Primary and Secondary Triangulation, with the cost thereof. 
I have directed my inquiries to the following points : 

1. What are the objects aimed at in the New York State Survey ? 

2. Has it been conducted upon the best principles and in the best 
manner likely to secure the results aimed at ? 

3. Would any other cheaper and more rapid method have secured 
sufficiently reliable results ? 

4. Has the cost been greater than, equal to, or less than that of 
work of similar character executed by other States, by the United 
States, or by foreign nations ? 

5. Has the quantity of work accomplished been such as to show 
proper diligence in its execution ? 

6. Has the work of the Coast and Geodetic Survey in New York 
been duplicated, or only used as a basis ? 

The objects aimed at have been very clearly set forth by Prof. Gar- 
diner, in his reports, as being : " The location and permanent mark- 
ing of a system of points and lines throughout the State with such 
precision, and at such frequent intervals, that they shall serve as a 
suitable and reliable basis for all kinds of general and local surveys 
which shall be executed in the future. 

[Assem. Doc. No. 30.] 3 



18 [Assembly 

" The measurements of the survey are to determine with accuracy 
the geographical positions of the located points, the true directions 
and distances between them, and the elevation above the sea." 

The only method of securing the requisite precision of results, 
and forming a basis for detailed topographical surveys, over any 
country as large as the State of New York, is that of triangulation. 

It has been adopted by every State and Nation in Europe, and is 
now going on in thirteen States of the Union. It has been advocated 
and employed by every eminent geographer known to the world for 
the last centur}'-, including such well-known names as Humboldt, 
Arago, Struve, Everst, Hassler and Bache. 

This method has been employed b}^ Prof. Gardiner from the com- 
mencement of the work in 1876 to the present time. 

No other method known to science could possibly have given that 
degree of precision obtained by triangulation, which wiien well 
executed makes each point determined by it infallible. It is im- 
possible to survey a single mile with the means employed by the 
ordinary surveyor without introducing error, which is in its nature 
cumulative. If there exists a series of well-determined triangula- 
tion points, such as the New York State Survey affords, the error 
is ascertained and corrected as each new point is reached, and in the 
end, town and count}' boundaries are rectified in position ; roads, 
streams, and all topographical details are correctly delineated, eleva- 
tions and best methods of drainage of swamp lands are ascer- 
tained, and the true bearings of all improvements constantly being 
projected in a populous country are seen at a glance, and may be 
permitted, modified or refused as each is seen to affect the general 
welfare. 

All such matters may then be referred to absolutely accurate 
data both in plan and profile, instead of resting upon conjecture, or, 
which is worse, upon uncertain data, as must necessarily be the case 
where uncertain methods are employed in laying the foundation. 

Professor Gardiner has used the Coast and Geodetic Survey tri- 
angulation, covering the eastern portion of the State, and extending 
to Lake Champlain, as a basis upon which to lay out and extend his 
operations through the central part of the State. So far as I know 
there has been no duplication by him of Coast Survey work, nor do 
his published maps show any. 

With regard to the character of his work I find that in two hun- 
dred triangles the mean error in closing has been 2.02", and the 
probable error of any observed angle has been ±0.786", which is 



Ko. 30.] 19 

quite up to the usual average of our own similar work and that 
now going on under MM. Perrier and Bassot in Algeria. 

I find that since the work of observations commenced in 1877 
there liave been an average number of thirty-seven stations occu- 
pied each year, by two parties, each being between six and seven 
months in the field. The averao-e number of horizontal angles ob- 
served in each season has been two hundred and two, and the num- 
ber of zenith distances for elevations one hundred and thirty-two. 
Between five and six months of each year have been occupied in 
reconnaissance and erections of signals and in office duty. 

The whole amount appropriated for the work since its commence- 
ment in 1877 is $102,000, nearly. Of this amount the special 
survey at Niagara cost $4,000, leaving $98,000 as the cost of the 
triangulation executed. 

The number of square miles covered by the triangulation ap- 
proximates closel}'^ to ten thousand, making the cost of triangulation 
per square mile $9.80. 

This again compares favorably with the cost of similar work in 
this country and in Europe. A portion of the triangulation of the 
Coast and Geodetic Survey, executed in one of the roughest and 
most difficult parts of California, has cost $15 per square mile, but 
the cost in an open country is much less. 

Gen. Comstock, U. S. Engineers, late in charge of the Lake 
Survey, states the average cost of that triangulation at $15 per 
square mile. 

I have not at hand detailed statements of cost of trianffulation in 
Europe, except in Prussia, where the cost per square mile (English) 
is $18, the Secondary and Tertiary triangulation being very elabor- 
ate. 

It, therefore, appears that in quality, quantity and cost the New 
York State Survey compares favorably with other similar works in 
this country and Europe. 

During the past four years I have had personal opportunity to 
notice the character of the operations in New York, while carrying a 
chain of primary triangles from near the eastern line of that State 
to Lake Ontario. 

I have been much pleased with the skill displayed in selections of 
secondary stations for occupation and determination of the largest 
number of tertiary points, intended for future use in topographical 
surveys, and also with the careful marking of the stations for future 



20 [Assembly, No. 30.] 

reference. The Director lias been fortunate in his assistants and in 
their intelligent devotion to their work. 

It is greatly to be hoped that nothing will prevent the steady 
progress of this great work, in one of the most populous and wealthy 
States in the Union, to a completion which shall result in a precise, 
well-executed, beautiful and useful map of the entire State, as well as 
in the determination of well-marked points, at short intervals apart, 
to which every surveyor may repair, to obtain the magnetic variation, 
or an exact distance as a base in exact surveys, or an elevation above 
sea, which he can depend upon for drainage. 

That this may be done the present system of triangulation should 
be extended with the same precision, since if that is once loell done 
it is done forever. 

It would be more economical not to do it at all than to relax in 
^he scale of precision and do it badly, by adoption of inferior 
methods. 

Yours respectfully, 

(Signed) C. O. BOUTELLE, 

Asst. in Charge of Office of O. S. C. S G. Survey. 



REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. 



To the Commissioners of the State Survey: 

The very limited means at the disposal of the Commissioners has 
prevented the usual field operations during the past season. Until 
July 1st the three assistants and the Director were employed on the 
computation of the results of the observations taken during the pre- 
vious field year. A list of these geographical positions and elevations 
is appended to this report. 

The work of computing being finished and no means having been 
provided for a continuation of the triangulation, the assistants were 
given leave of absence without pay imtil such time as their services 
should be required. 

During July and August the Director also was absent without 
salary, but since that date the demands upon him for professional 
services to the State Board of Health have been so constant that it 
has been necessary for him to devote the greater part of his time to 
the work of that Board. 

A rapidly-growing interest in sanitary works, and a knowledge of 
the benefits to be derived from them, together with the fear of an 
impending visitation of cholera, have roused all parts of the State to 
ask advice from the State Board concerning the existence of con- 
ditions dangerous to the public health, and to require suggestions as 
to the proper remedies to be applied. 

The greater part of these applications to the State Board of Health 
involve engineering questions and sanitary problems so intimatelj'^ re- 
lated as to be inseparable, and often they affect financial interests so 
important that there is great responsibility incurred in giving advice. 
Proportionate study and thought are necessary on the part of those 
in authority to meet this public trust. 

The Director of the State Survey is by law a member of the State 
Board of Health, and being the only engineer on the commission, 
the Board of Health has made him chairman of the committee on 
sewerage and drainage, and placed upon him the full responsibility 
for all investigations and reports concerning these matters. 



22 [Assembly 

In discharge of his duty as engineering adviser of tiie Board of 
Health, the Director has visited during the past year Staten Island, 
Coney Island, the watershed of the Oroton river, Peekskill, Kings- 
ton, Rhinebeck, Saratoga, Washington county, Malone, Ogdensburg, 
Syracuse, Eoehester, Hemlock lake, Bath, Horseheads and Elmira, 
besides carrying on important investigations in Albany. 

Drainage works of State property for sanitary purposes have also 
been in progress under the direction of the engineer of the Board of 
Health. Since June the engineering work of the Board has kept two 
assistant engineers ahnost constantly employed. 

The Director of the State Survey, acting as engineer of the State 
Board of Health, has planned and supervised this work, investigated 
each case and prepared reports to the State Board of Health as to 
the sanitary condition of the localities examined and the proper 
remedies for evils observed. 

In reckoning the benefits that have accrued to the State from the 
appropriations for the State Survey, there must be included the 
large amount of service rendered in efforts to improve the public 
health, accounts of which are to be found in the report of the 
State Board of Health. 

As the public health work is developed the need of topographical 
maps of every part of the State becomes more and more apparent. 
There are many important questions concerning the protection of 
water supplies that the Board is unable to deal with for want of 
topographical maps, and there are great districts of the State where 
the distribution of prevailing diseases and the remedies for unhealth- 
f ul conditions are so dependent on topographical structure that the 
State Board of Health could not make investigations requested by 
the legislators until the State Survey should prepare the necessary 
maps. 

Senators Edward S. Esty and T. Robinson and Members of 
Assembly W. B. Priddy, S. S. Peirson, John E. Cady, George W. 
Jones and William Howland, representing the counties of Cayuga, 
Wayne, Seneca, Tompkins, Tioga, Ontario, Schuyler and Yates, 
joined in a formal request that the State Board of Health would 
investigate and report to the next Legislature on the effect of the 
fluctuations of Cayuga lake on the health of the people inhabiting 
the districts affected by the changes of level in these waters. 

The Board of Health applied to the State Survey for the maps 
necessary to carry on such investigations, but the failure of the sur- 
vey appropriation made it impossible to furnish the data required. 



No. 30.] 23 

The Board of Health has, therefore, been unable to meet the demand 
of the representatives of the people of ooe of the most important 
parts of the State. 

The law makes it the duty of the State Board of Health to make 
regulations for the protection of the water supply of New York from 
pollution. But the proper execution of this law is impossible 
without topographical maps of Westchester and Putnam counties. 

Rochester and Syracuse, in the protection and preservation of their 
city water supply, both need maps of large tracts to the south of 
them. In Chemung, Orange, Ulster, Niagara, St. Lawrence, and in 
many other counties of the State are great waste tracts of swamp 
land which are yearly destroying the health of thousands of people, 
but which, by proper drainage, might become the most fertile spots 
in the State. General topographical surveys and maps are the first 
requirement in obtaining the knowledge necessary for reclaiming 
these pestilential marshes. 

Recommendations. 

The triangulation of the State, which has been conducted under 
this department, simply forms the necessary framework or basis 
for accurate mapping. It was supposed by some that if this general 
framework was provided by tlie State authority the localities would 
execute proper surveys to secure to their citizens the needed maps. 
For eight years we have been trying this policy, and no county has 
been equal to the task of making a topographical or hydrographical 
survey of its territory. The experiment of leaving scientific work 
to county authority has proved a total failure in New York as it did 
in Massachusetts. No country in the world has ever been provided 
with proper maps except through topographical surveys conducted 
under the authority of the State. 

In view of the fact of the Imminent need of topographical and hy- 
drographical maps for purposes of water supply, drainage, and the 
protection of the public health, and of the fact that such maps can 
never be secured except through surveys conducted under State au- 
thority, it is recommended that topographical surveys should be at 
once begun in such parts of the State as have the most pressing 
need for topographical maps. The triangulation which is the neces- 
sary basis of these maps is already sufficiently advanced to permit of 
topographical work being begun in half the counties of the State. 

The want of good topographical maps of Westchester is felt by 
every engineer and sanitarian who has dealt with great questions 



24: [Assembly 

connected with the water supply of the city of New York. In the 
south-western part of Orange county the reclamation of thousands 
of acres of swamp is waiting for plans which can only be made when 
good topographical maps of large areas are available. 

The same is true of the counties of Chemung, Seneca, Wayne, 
Cayuga, St. Lawrence and Niagara. 

Topographical and hydi'ographical maps of Albany and Rensselaer 
counties are needed now in considering the various possible water 
supplies for the capital of the State. 

The Commissioners are, therefore, advised to recommend to the 
Legislature the passage of an act giving them power to make topo- 
graphical and hydrographical surveys and maps based on the trian- 
gulation of the State ; such surveys to be begun in those counties 
where the results are most immediately needed for practical and 
scientific purposes, and to be extended as rapidly as possible to all 
other parts of the State not otherwise provided for by State or 
Federal surveys ; and the work to be executed in such a manner that, 
when completed, it shall furnish a connected and reliable map of the 
whole State on a scale not less than one inch to one mile. 

Cost of a Topographical and Hydrographical Survey of the 

State. 

The cost of a survey depends on its precision, on the detail of the 
work, and on the scale on which operations are conducted. 

Governor Cleveland has very justly criticised the State Survey on 
the ground that the small sum appropriated required the work to be 
carried on in such a limited way as to greatly increase the expense 
of the survey, as well as to make its progress so slow that the people 
would be many years in getting the full benefit of the work. The 
Governor says in closing his statement of reasons for vetoing the last 
appropriation of the State Survey : " If, however, it must be done by 
a department formed for the special purpose, it would, I am satisfied, 
be much better to appropriate a large sum of money and speedily 
comj)lete the work." The wisdom of this statement is proved by 
the experience of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, where 
the amount of M^ork done in twelve years was increased more than 
seven-fold over that of the preceding twelve years, by increasing the 
expenditure four-fold. It was also estimated by that survey that an 
annual increase of expenditures of thirty-three per cent resulted in 
an increase of sixty per cent in the amount of work done. 

Another important element in economical execution of a State 
survey is continuity in the work. If the work is liable to such con- 



No. 30.] 25 

stant interruption tliat a feeling of uncertainty as to the permanence 
of their employment is created in the minds of those to whose scien- 
tific skill and experience the execution of the survey is intrusted, 
higher salaries must be paid than if these positions could be relied 
on as likely to continue until the work was finished, the tenure of 
office depending only on capability and fidelity. 

An expenditure of $40,000 per annum would be the least sum 
that would put the survey on a large enough scale to insure fair 
economy in its execution. In considering the cost of the survey it 
will be assumed that this amount is to be expended annually on the 
work, and that provision is made for the operations being pushed 
steadily forward till the survey is completed. 

This basis being assumed, the cost of the surveys and maps will 
vary with the amount of detail to be represented. Where the 
country is thickly settled and there are many roads, houses, streams 
and hills, good work cannot be done for less than $20 per square mile, 
while in the thinly-populated districts work of equal precision can be 
done for $10 per square mile. The difficulty in estimating the total 
cost of the survey of the State arises from the impossibility of saying 
in advance how many square miles there are where twenty dollar 
work will be needed, and how many miles where ten-dollar work 
will answer every purpose, and so on with the intermediate grades. 
The experience of other States is, however, some guide in arriving 
at an approximate estimate. New Jersey has for several years been 
carrying on a topographical survey, and the survey of Massachusetts 
has been in progress a year. The conditions in both of these States 
are different from those in New York, but the results of their ex- 
perience indicate that the average cost of the topographical and hy- 
drographical survey of New York will be about $15 a square mile. 
In New Hampshire, where a topographical survey was made and the 
maps published, the cost per square mile was less than $15, but the 
result was obtained at a sacrifice of accuracy that would not be good 
economy for New York. The topographical surveys made by the 
Federal Government of far western States and Territories, at a cost 
of from $3 to $5 per square mile, some ten years ago, are already 
found insufficient where the country has become settled, and the 
important mineral districts are being re-triangulated and re-surveyed 
topographically, at a cost varying from $10 to $20 per square mile. 
Extensive surveys of this character are now in progress in Colorado. 

To reduce the cost of the survey to less than an average of $15 
per scpiare mile would require the substitution of sketching for 
[Assem. Doc. No. 30.] 4 



26 [ASSEMBLY 

actual measurement to such large extent that the maps would be 
unreliable for many important purposes ; or else necessitate the 
omission from the maps of many details which greatly enhance 
their practical usefulness. 

A topographical survey can be made for $10 per square mile, but 
it would be almost as much of a sketch as a survey, and the results 
would certainly be disappointing to the people after the maps had 
been used a few years. 

It is therefore recommended that the topographical survey of New 
York should he so planned as to cost from $10 to $20 per square 
mile, depending on the character of the country. 

The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and the United 
States Lake Survey have made detailed surveys of the topography 
bordering some of the navigable waters of the State. The entire 
area embraced in their maps is about 985 square miles. The terri- 
tory in which the operations of the Adirondack Survey have been 
carried on comprises an area of about 12,955 square miles. There 
remains an area of 33,680 square miles to be covered by the topo- 
graphical work of the State Survey. The total cost of the survey 
would, therefore, be about $500,000. For the grade of work assumed 
the operations would proceed at the rate of from two to three 
counties a year, and thirteen years would be required to complete 
the survey^ Maps of each county would of course be published as 
soon as the survey was completed in that region, so that the people 
would get the benefit of the surveys at once. The maps would rep- 
resent the public boundaries, roads, railroads, canals, streams, lakes, 
swamps, hills, valleys, cities, villages and important lines of the land 
surveys ; and, if possible, buildings, at least where they are im- 
portant as land-marks. 

Regarding the cost of making the topographical surveys soon 
after the triangulation of a district is completed, it may be said that 
a saving of perhaps ten per cent may be effected by having the 
topographical work follow closely after the triangulation. The 
State Survey triangulation is now so far advanced that the requisite 
basis for topographical surveys exists in half the counties of the 
State. There is every probability that if the topographical survey is 
undertaken by the State, the United States Coast and Geodetic Sur- 
vey will complete the more costly part of the triangulation, leaving 
the funds of the State Survey to be employed strictly in mapping 
work. The Superintendent of the Coast Survey has consented to 
do this part of the work, and will recommend an appropriation from 
Congress as soon as the State begins the topographical survey. 



No. 30.] 27 

Recapitulation. 
From the foregoing statement it appears that many counties of 
the State need topographical and hydrographical maps and need 
them now , that such extensive surveys must be made by State or 
Federal authority and have never been executed in any other way ; 
that these surveys and maps can be most economically made in con- 
nection with the triangulations on which they must be based ; that 
economy and efficiency require that a topographical survey be car- 
ried forward continuously on a large scale ; that a survey of a fair 
degree of precision can be made at a cost of from $10 to $20 per 
square mile, depending on the character of the region surveyed and 
the amount of detail to be represented ; that a survey costing less 
than an average of $15 per square mile would be inadequate in pre- 
cision and detail to meet the wants of this State ; that with a defi- 
nite and continuous appropriation of $40,000 per annum the surveys 
of from two to three counties could be completed each year and the 
whole work finished in about thirteen years. 

Yery respectfully submitted, 

JAMES T. GARDINER, 

Director. 



TABLES. 



EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES 



As the primary triangles have not yet been completed or adjusted, 
the geographical positions now given are preliminary and approxi- 
mate. 

The points depend npon the initial latitude and longitude used by 
the United States Coast Survey, which is the most accurate we have, 
since it is the mean of observations taken at many widely separated 
places and reduced geodetically to one station. The azimuths and 
distances between points are accurate to within the figures given. 

The first table gives the means of readily converting distances, 
which are expressed in meters, into feet. 

The length of the meter used is 39.3704: inches, or 3.2809 feet, or 
1.0936 yards. 

In the second table the points located in Central New York in 
1883 are classified by counties, in alphabetical order. 

The first column on the left contains names of the several stations 
or triangulation points. These are generally either prominent 
objects of permanence, such as spires, or they are points on com- 
manding hills where signals have been erected for the purposes of 
the survey, and which are marked on the ground by granite monu- 
ments. 

Sketches have been made showing the configuration of the land 
around these stations, and their exact relation to the most prominent 
neighboring objects, including buildings, fences, roads, etc. These 
will serve hereafter to assist surveyors in finding points that have 
for any reason become obscure. 

In case where minute descriptions are thus required, they may be 
had by application addressed to the Director of the New York State 
Survey, Albany. 

Names of primary triangulation stations are in small capitals. 
All azimnths are reckoned from the south, around through the west, 
so that the azimuths of pomts due south, west, north and east, are 
respectively 00°, 90°, 180°, 270°. 



32 [Assembly 

The column headed " Azimuth," gives the true bearing from the 
station in the first column to the one in the eighth column. The 
Back Azimuth shows the true bearing from the stations in column 
eiffht to those in column one. 

The next table gives a list of the elevations of points, determined 
in 1883, by careful trigonometrical leveling between State Survey 
stations, the chain being connected with the canal leveling of 1876, 
at Syracuse, Kirkville, Canastota, Rome and Herkimer, The result 
of these checks indicate that the uncertainties of the elevations 
given are not so great as those from ordinary leveling operations 
over the same ground. The initial datum plane for heights is con- 
sidered the mean level of the sea, as determined by the United States 
Coast Survey at Governor's Island, New York. From the Gover- 
nor' s Island tide gauge a line of levels has been run by the Coast 
Survey up the Hudson to Albany, where the benches have been 
carefully connected with those of the Erie canal. It is upon this 
chain that the elevations given in the table depend. 

The last table gives the rectangular co-ordinates of points located 
in 1883, in Genesee and Orleans counties, together with a few 
heights determined trigonometrically, to supplement the list of 
heights determined with spirit level in these counties and published 
in the last annual report. 

JAMES T. GARDINER, 

Director. 



N"o. 30.] 



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[Assem. Doc. No. 30.] 



TABLE 

OF 

PRELIMINARY GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS, 

DETERMINED IN 1883. 



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ELEVATIONS OF POINTS 

DETEEMINED IN 1883. 



46 



[Assembly 



ELEYATIONS A BO YE MEAN TIDE 

At Governor's Island, New York Harbor, by Trigonometrical 
Leveling, Determinations of 1883. 

Note. — Unless otherwise stated, the heights refer to tops of State Survey mouuments. 
Heights marked (t) are unchecked as yet, and are not so reliable as the others. 

Stations. 



STATION NAME. 



Ashland 

Athens 

Batavia 

Ely 

Bristol 

Brown 

Bumpus 

Chemung 

Couch ...... 

Dryden 

East Shelby. . 

Edwards 

Elba 

Elba Village . 

Ellis 

Enfield 

Erin 

Genung. . . .. 
Harrison . . . 

Hawley 

Hector 

Hornby 

Huburt 

Hungerford... 

Maby 

Matthews 

Morehead 

MOKGANVILLE 

Norria 

Orange 

Parker 

Pond 

Pusel* 

Richford 

Ross 

Ryan 

Solon 

South Hill.... 

Sproul 

Strader 

Swale 

Turner 

University 

Urbana 

Vulgary , 



Monument 
number. 



U, 



u. 



893 
408 

S. L. S. 
391 
434 
406 
341 
389 
428 
113 
319 
353 
362 
367 
384 
399 
393 
301 
228 
426 
404 
401 
415 
425 
421 
423 
419 

S. L. S. 
329 
236 
333 
309 
343 
385 
378 
359 
382 

Univ. 
394 
404i 
429 
420 

Univ. 
405 
366 



County. 



Chemung 

Bradford, Penu 

Genesee 

Tioga, Penn... . 

Ontario 

Schuyler 

Genesee 

Chemung 

Schuyler 

Tompkins 

Orleans 

Orleans 

Genesee 

Genesee 

Cortland 

Tompkins 

Chemung 

Orleans 

Potter, Penn. . . 

Chemuag 

Schuylv^r 

Steuben 

Cortland 

Tompkins 

Chemung 

Chemung 

Cortland , 

Genesee 

Genesee 



1767 

1863 

953 

2344 

2256 

984 

739 

1697 

1678 

1888 

672 

683 

793 

767 

1711 

1464 

1863 

705 

2560 

1706 

1805 

2045 

1565 

1373 

1617 

1443 

1864 

880 

975 

Schuyler : 2034 



Elevation 
above sea. 



feet. 



Genesee 
Genesee . . 
Orleans. . . 

Tioga 

Orleans. . . 
Orleans. . . 
Cortland . . 
Tompkins. 
Schuyler. . 
Schuyler. . 
Steuben . . 
Tompkins. 
Tompkins. 
Steuben . . 
Genesee . . 



?46 

898 

739 
1997 

703 

680 
1979 

735 
2092 

714 
2327 
1125 

788 
1933t 

765 



* This is probably the highest Doint in Orleans county. 



No. 30.] 47 

ELEVATIOlSrS ABOVE MEAN TIDE— (Co??/iw«efZ). 
Subsidiary Pohits. 



NAME OF TRIANGULATION POINT. 



County. 



Elevation 
above sea. 



Alpine M E. Church, top of spire 

Batavia Blind Inst., top of corner posts on dome 

Burdett M. E. Church, top of spire . 

Burdett Presb. Church , top of spire ... 

Catliarine M. E. Church, top of dome 

Cortland First Baptist Church, top fif spire 

Cortland Wagon Works chimney, top of 

Eddytown Presbyterian Church, lop of dome on tovper 

Elba Presbyterian Church, top of spire, 

Elmira First M. E. Church , top of spire 

Elmira First Presbyterian Ch. , center of ball on spire 

Elmira Female College, top of battlem'ts of centertower, 
ElmiraSt.Patrick's R. C. Ch., c'r. of iron ornament onspire. 

Elmira St. Mary's R. C. Ch., top of easterly tower 

Elmira Trinity P. E. Church, top of spire 

Elmira Park Cong. Church, center of round knob on finiai. 
Elmira Richardson's Shoe factory, top of painted tov^er . . 

Elmira Public School No. 5, top of highest tower 

Havana Baptist Church, lowest circlet on top of spire .... 

Havana P. E. Church , top of battlements 

Havana Presbyterian Church , top of dome 

Havana M. B. Church, top of spire or center of ball 

Havana Cook's Academy, top of battlements 

Havana Union School House, extreme top 

Havana Old Court House, extreme top . . 

Homer Baptist Church, top of spire 

Homer Presbyterian Church, top of spire 

Horseheads Baptist Church, top of spire 

Horseheads M. E. Church , top of tower 

Horseheads P. E. Church, center of arms of cross 

Horseheads Presbyterian Church, top of dome 

Horseheads K. C. Church, center of arms of cross 

Ithaca Light House, top of knob on top of dome 

Ithaca State St. M. E. Church, top of spire 

Moreland Church, top of spire 

Oakfleld Presbyterian Church, top of tower 

Odessa Baptist Church, top of tower.. 

Odessa Wesleyan Methodist Church, top of dome 

Pisgali Mount., top of tower 

Pumkpkin Hill Baptist Church, top of piimacles 

Reading Centre Baptist Church, base of spire 

Reading Centre M E. Church, center of ball on spire 

Rock Stream Church, top of spire 

Sugar Hill Presbyterian Church, top of tower 

Watkins Academy, top of tower 

Watkins Court House, center of gilt ball 

Watkins Glen Oliservatory, center of ball on top 

Watkins Lake A'iew Hotel, top <if rail on tower 

Watkins M. E. Church, top of flnial on spire 

Watkins P. E Church, top of tower 

Watkins Presbyterian Church, center of circlet on top of 

base of flnial . 

Watkins R. C. Churcli, center of arms of cross 

WatkinsO. Palmeter's house, peak of cupalo roof 

West Shelby ME. Church, top of spire 



Schuyler 

Genesee 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Cortland .. .. 

Cortland 

Yates 

Genesee 

Chemung 

Chemimg 

Chemung ...... 

Chemung .... 

Chemung , 

Chemung 

Chemung 

Chemung 

Chemung 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Cortland 

Cortland 

Chemung 

Chemung 

Chemung 

Chemung 

Chemung 

Tompkins 

Tompkins 

Schuyler 

Genesee 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Bradford, Penn 

Genesee 

Schuyler 

Schuyler. ... 

Yates 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Schuyler. 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Schuyler 

Schuyler. . 

Schuyler 

Orleans 



1228 f eet.t 

1043 

1096 

1137 

]2.i7 

1303 

1200 

933 

863 
1039 
1033 

975 

963 

928 

986 

963 

960 

964 

.585 

543 

.524 

537 

617 

508 

.547 
1219 
1280 

977 

954 

980 

9.54 

965 

409+ 

520 
1317 

829 
1123 
1096 
2349 

717 
1296 
1328 

957 
1658 

531 

566 

798 

737 

607 

518 

578 
559 
1039 
768 



TABLE 



RECTANGULAR COORDINATES AND HEIGHTS 
OF POINTS LOCATED IN 1883. 



GENESEE AND ORLEANS COUNTIES. 



[Assem. Doc. No. 30.] 7 



GENESEE AND ORLEANS COUNTIES. 



The points located in these counties depend upon the completed 
triangiilation of the United States Lake Survey. 

T}ie geographical jwsitions of a few important points only are 
given. A sketch of the triangnktion was published in the State 
Survey Report for 1883. Rectangular Co ordinates of each point 
are given ; these are referred to the United States Lake Survey 
station, 

Buffalo— Latitude 42 53' 03''.18. Longitude 78° 52' 4:1".83 
as an origin of co-ordinates. The Lake Survey station is on the 
tower of the City IJall at Buffalo. The co-ordinates are the distances, 
in meters, measured on the meridian passing through the orisfin and 
on a perpendicular thereto. They are computed on Clarke's spheroid, 
but in plotting and in all ordinary surveying operations the co-ordi- 
nates may be regarded as plane and be treated precisely as the co or- 
dinates obtained in ordinary traverse work. 

Tiic true bearing of one prominent point visible from a station is 
given, in order that surveyors may obtain the true meridian if 
desired. 

Heights of points above mean tide as determined by trigonomet- 
rical leveling are given in feet. The heights of monuments at Vul- 
gary, Pusel, Parker, Bumpus, East Shelby, Edwards and Ross were 
also determined with the spirit-level, and are given in the State Sur- 
vey Report for 188 3. The heights by spirit-level differ slightly from 
those determined by trigonometrical leveling, and are to be ])refer- 
red to the latter, where great accuracy is required ; the largest dis- 
crepancy was 0.1:3 foot, and the mean discrepancy ±0.23 foot. 

Geographical Po-''<itions. 

Batavia (United States Lake Survey station), latitude 43° 01' 
18". IT, longitude 78° 15' 46".90. 

Morganvillc (United States Lake Survey station), latitude 43° 00' 
40''.21,"longirude 78° 02' 59".8G. 

East Shelby (State Survey, monument 310), latitude 43° }0' 03'. 57, 
louffitude 78° 2<>' 00".O7. 



52 



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54 [Assembly, No. 30.] 

COORDINATES OF SUBORDINATE POINTS. 



TRIGONOMETRICAL POINT. 



Batavia Blind Institute, flag-pole <Height of top of 
corner posts on top of doiue, I0W.3 ft ) . 

Pumpkin Hill Baptist Church lower. (Height of top of 
pinnacles, T17 1 ft ) 



Morganville Christian Church tower 

Catavia, M E Church spire 

IJatavla, Johnston Harvester Works chimney. 

Batavia, German M. E. Church spire 

Batavia, Presbyterian Church tower 

Batavia, Court House dome 

J L. Macumber's house tower 

East Shelby, M E. < hurch spire 

East Shelby, Advent Church spire 

West Barre, M. E. Church cupola 

Barre Centre, Presbyterian Church spire 

S. Kimpton 8 barn, west cupola 



CO-i'KDlNATES. 



Meters 



Elba, Presbyterian Church spire (Height of top of 
spire, 8(53.0 ft ) . 

Elba, M. B. Church sph-e 

Oakfleld, Seminary tower . 



Oakfleld, Presbyterian Cliurch tower. (Height of top 
of tower. 8:.'8.7 ft.) 



Oakfleld, M. E. Church tower 

School -house cupola, Elba township 

David Watson's barn, west gable 

Quaker Church, east gable, near chimney. 

South Alabama, Baptist Church spire 

Alabama Centre, Baptist Church spire 

Alabama Centre, M. B. Church spire 



West Shelby, M. E. Church spire. (Height of top of 
spire, 767.9 ft ) 

Tall tree 

Head of soldier on monument 

Stephen N. Dillingham's house, center 



N 13763 56 

N 24043 77 
N 13592 01 
N 12813 89 
N. 12373.70 
N. 12646 73 
N 12730 15 
N 12842 89 
N. 21616 66 
N 30408 03 
N 31863 23 
N 29939 43 
N . 33669 16 
N 30697 58 

N. 22299 60 
N 22093.83 
N. 20325 38 

N. 20638 86 
N. 20508 21 
N 23254.31 
N. 25626 01 
N. 24239 16 
N. 21139.06 
N. 23550.91 
N. 33643.87 

N 30836.26 
N. 31890.82 
N. 34083 56 
N. 23760 61 



E 66498 31 

E 66015.87 
E 65346 79 
E. 56787.12 
E 57419.19 
E 56724 81 
E 56968.17 
E. 56342 89 
E 4«133 26 
E. 44921.63 
E. 44936.85 
E. 60818 34 
E 55538.18 
E 56326.49 

E. 56293.11 
E. 66408 26 
E 49567.15 

E 49229 07 
E 49246 00 
E. 58728 98 
E 60<J60.50 
E. 55694 43 
E. 44183 53 
E. 39769.96 
E. 39818.57 

E. 35867.17 
E, 39414 64 
E. 44954.88 
E. 47617 81 
















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